The effect of heterogeneities and small cavities on levee failures: The case study of the Panaro levee breach (Italy) on 6 December 2020
Abstract This article discusses the levee failure that occurred on 6 December 2020 at Castelfranco Emilia, near Modena (Italy), showing that it cannot be explained without assuming the presence of local heterogeneities or a small cavity.The possible presence of these defects is supported by evidence derived from historical data and site observation